GitHub 조직 저장소를 Vercel 무료 플랜으로 배포하는 완벽 가이드: Git 연동 없이 3개 토큰으로 해결하기

Organization Repository → Vercel Git 연동 시도 → ❌ 실패

오류 메시지:
- "Organization repositories require a Team plan"
- "Insufficient permissions"
- "Git integration not available for this repository"

graph TD
    A[개발자 코드 Push] --> B{브랜치 확인}
    B -->|PR 브랜치| C[GitHub Actions 트리거]
    B -->|main 브랜치| D[GitHub Actions 트리거]
    C --> E[Vercel CLI로 Preview 빌드]
    D --> F[Vercel CLI로 Production 빌드]
    E --> G[Preview 배포 *.vercel.app]
    F --> H[Production 배포 your-domain.com]

Vercel Dashboard → 프로젝트 선택 → Settings → General → Project ID

Vercel Dashboard → Settings → General → Team ID (또는 User ID)

Vercel Dashboard → Settings → Tokens → Create Token

GitHub 저장소 → Settings → Secrets and variables → Actions
→ "New repository secret" 클릭

Name: VERCEL_ORG_ID
Value: team_abc123xyz789 (또는 user_abc123xyz789)

Name: VERCEL_PROJECT_ID
Value: prj_abc123xyz789

Name: VERCEL_TOKEN
Value: vercel_abc123...xyz789

name: Vercel Deploy (CLI)

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
  workflow_dispatch: # 수동 실행 가능

env:
  VERCEL_ORG_ID: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_ORG_ID }}
  VERCEL_PROJECT_ID: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_PROJECT_ID }}
  VERCEL_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.VERCEL_TOKEN }}
  NEXT_TELEMETRY_DISABLED: 1 # Next.js 텔레메트리 비활성화

jobs:
  deploy-preview:
    name: Deploy Preview
    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
          cache: "pnpm"

      - name: Setup pnpm
        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
        with:
          version: 9
          run_install: true

      - name: Pull Vercel environment (preview)
        run: pnpm dlx vercel@latest pull --yes --environment=preview --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"

      - name: Build with Vercel
        run: pnpm dlx vercel@latest build --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"

      - name: Deploy to Vercel (preview)
        run: |
          url=$(pnpm dlx vercel@latest deploy --prebuilt --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN" --yes)
          echo "Preview URL: $url"
          echo "PREVIEW_URL=$url" >> $GITHUB_ENV

      - name: Comment PR with preview URL
        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
        with:
          script: |
            github.rest.issues.createComment({
              issue_number: context.issue.number,
              owner: context.repo.owner,
              repo: context.repo.repo,
              body: `🚀 Preview deployed!\n\n✨ **Preview URL**: ${process.env.PREVIEW_URL}`
            })

  deploy-production:
    name: Deploy Production
    if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
          cache: "pnpm"

      - name: Setup pnpm
        uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
        with:
          version: 9
          run_install: true

      - name: Pull Vercel environment (production)
        run: pnpm dlx vercel@latest pull --yes --environment=production --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"

      - name: Build with Vercel
        run: pnpm dlx vercel@latest build --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"

      - name: Deploy to Vercel (production)
        run: pnpm dlx vercel@latest deploy --prebuilt --prod --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN" --yes

      - name: Deployment completed
        run: echo "✅ Production deployment completed successfully!"

Error: Invalid token
401 Unauthorized

Error: Forbidden
You don't have access to this project

Error: Project not found
404 Not Found

Error: Build failed
Exit code: 1

- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
  with:
    node-version: 20 # 로컬과 동일한 버전 사용

- uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
  with:
    version: 9 # package.json의 packageManager 필드와 일치
    run_install: true

jobs:
  deploy-preview:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    defaults:
      run:
        working-directory: apps/web # 하위 디렉토리 지정
    steps:
      # ... (이하 동일)

Settings → General → Root Directory → apps/web

Settings → Environment Variables
- DATABASE_URL (Production)
- API_KEY (Production, Preview)
- NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL (Production, Preview)

env:
  CI_SPECIFIC_VAR: ${{ secrets.CI_VAR }}

- name: Notify Slack
  if: success()
  uses: slackapi/slack-github-action@v1
  with:
    payload: |
      {
        "text": "🚀 Production 배포 완료!",
        "url": "https://your-domain.com"
      }
  env:
    SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK }}

- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
  with:
    node-version: 20
    cache: "pnpm" # pnpm 의존성 캐싱

- uses: actions/cache@v4
  with:
    path: .vercel
    key: ${{ runner.os }}-vercel-${{ hashFiles('**/pnpm-lock.yaml') }}

- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
  with:
    node-version: 20
    cache: "npm"
- run: npm ci
- run: npx vercel pull --yes --environment=preview --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"
- run: npx vercel build --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"
- run: npx vercel deploy --prebuilt --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN" --yes

- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
  with:
    node-version: 20
    cache: "yarn"
- run: yarn --frozen-lockfile
- run: yarn dlx vercel pull --yes --environment=preview --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"
- run: yarn dlx vercel build --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN"
- run: yarn dlx vercel deploy --prebuilt --token "$VERCEL_TOKEN" --yes

개발자 → GitHub Push 권한만
CI → Vercel 배포 권한만
관리자 → Secrets 관리 권한

Vercel Dashboard → Settings → Audit Log
- 배포 이력 확인
- 토큰 사용 내역 모니터링
- 이상 활동 감지